Effect of Glycolic Acid, Maleic Acid, and EDTA in the Removal of Smear Layer from Root Canal Dentin

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the efficacy of 5% Glycolic Acid (GA), 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 7% maleic acid (MA), in removing the smear layer (SL). Material and Methods: For the experiment, forty single-rooted human teeth were selected. To perform the chemo‑mechanical preparation, the root canals were instrumented to an apical size of #30, along with simultaneous irrigation of 2.5% NaOCl. The samples were allotted to the experimental groups based on the final irrigating solution (n=10): (1) The GA group: 05%, (2) the EDTA group: 17%, (3) the MA group: 7%, and (4) the control group: Distilled water. The teeth were evaluated for the presence or absence of SL using SEM. Results: Comparing the 5% GA, 7% MA and 17% EDTA groups, no statistically significant differences were found at the coronal and middle thirds (p>0.05). However, in the apical third, MA had greater efficacy than EDTA (p=0.002) and GA (p=0.041), with a significant difference in the SL removal, while there was no significant difference between the latter (p=0.148). Conclusion: Thus, it was concluded that 7% maleic acid as a final irrigating solution is more efficacious than 17% EDTA and 5% glycolic acid in eliminating the smear layer from the apical portion of the root canal.

The effectiveness of EDTA 17% as a cleaning solution for the fiber post space after filling with cements

Aim: To evaluate the resistance of the union between a glass fiber post and radicular dentine after cleaning the root with 17% EDTA and filling with different endodontic cements. Methods: Forty uniradicular bovine incisors were removed to obtain root lengths of 18 mm. Endodontic treatment was performed on all roots using different filling cements (zinc oxide and eugenol-based, OZE; cement based on epoxy resin, AH) and cleaning solutions (saline, SA or EDTA), which made it possible to obtain four groups: OZESA, OZEEDTA, AHSA and AHEDTA. Subsequently, 12 mm of filling material was removed from the roots, and they were prepared to receive fiber posts luted with resin cement. To execute the mechanical cycles (2x106 cycles, 90 N, 4 Hz), coronal reconstruction was performed with a silicon matrix. The roots were then sliced (2-mm thick) to perform the push-out test. The results were analyzed using analysis of variance (one factor and two factors) and Tukey's test (α=0,05). Results: Bond strength (Mpa) was significantly higher for OZEEDTA (9,18) and AHEDTA (8,70) than for OZESA (6,06) AHSA (8,7). OZEEDTA also presented the highest values in the cervical region (15,18) but was significantly lower in the apical region (2,99). However, AHEDTA had a homogeneous bond strength in all thirds. Conclusion: Regardless of the endodontic cement used, EDTA was used as an irrigating solution, culminating in a higher bond strength between the glass fiber post and dentin

Endodontic cement penetration after removal of calcium hydroxide dressing using XP-endo finisher

Abstract: We aimed to evaluate the penetration of endodontic cement following the removal of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) dressing using the XP-endo Finisher in association with different irrigating solutions. Sixty premolars were instrumented and applied with a Ca(OH)2 dressing. To remove Ca(OH)2, the teeth were divided into six groups, each with a different volume of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), as well as solution stirring time with XP-endo Finisher (0, 30, and 60 sec). Root canals were filled using the lateral condensation technique. Fluorescein dye was added to the cement for microscopic laser scanning analysis. In the generated images, linear measurements were taken in micrometers, and their averages were calculated. To analyze the perimeter penetration ratio of the cement, the total perimeter of the canal and the segment of the total perimeter of the canal where the endodontic cement penetrated into the dentinal tubules were measured in micrometers. We found that using an XP-endo Finisher in irrigation was more effective than using a needle and syringe during the extension and penetration of endodontic cement. Shaking with XP-endo Finisher with 17% EDTA increased the extent and perimeter of the penetration of the endodontic cement into the dentinal tubules. However, using the XP-endo Finisher with EDTA only was more efficient than using the instrument interchangeably in NaOCl and EDTA. Although XP-endo Finisher contributes to the removal of Ca(OH)2, none of the protocols or instruments used removed all Ca(OH)2 from the root system.

Molhabilidade de um cimento endodôntico à base de resina epóxi na dentina tratada com diferentes protocolos de quelação / Wettability of an epoxy resin-based root canal sealer on dentin treated with different chelating protocols

Objetivo: Avaliar a molhabilidade do cimento AH Plus em contato com a dentina radicular após diferentes protocolos quelantes envolvendo ácido etidrônico (HEBP) e o EDTA. Métodos: Cinquenta e seis fatias de dentina radicular foram utilizadas e irrigadas com 5.25% de hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl) ou com uma mistura de 5.25%NaOCl/18%HEBP para simular a irrigação durante o preparo químico-mecânico. As amostras irrigadas com NaOCl foram divididas em 5 grupos, de acordo com o agente quelante: G1- água destilada (AD); G2-17%EDTA; G3-17%EDTA+2.5%NaOCl; G4-18%HEBP; e G5-18%HEBP+2.5%NaOCl. As amostras irrigadas com a mistura de NaOCl/HEBP foram dividias em 2 grupos: G6-AD; G7-NaOCl/HEBP+2.5%- NaOCl. Todos os protocolos receberam irrigação de AD entre as substâncias irrigadoras e como lavagem final. O goniômetro Rame-Hart foi utilizado para mesurar o ângulo de contato entre a superfície da dentina radicular e o cimento. O teste estatístico Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn foram aplicados (p<0.05). Resultados: Os grupos onde a smear layer foi removida apresentaram menor ângulo de contato (p<0.05), com exceção do G7. O G6 apresentou o menor ângulo de contato do AH Plus, entretanto, a irrigação final com NaOCl (G7) aumentou significativamente o ângulo de contato. G2 e G4 apresentaram comportamento similar e a irrigação final com NaOCL (G3 e G4) não modificou a molhabilidade da dentina. Conclusão: O tratamento da dentina radicular com a mistura NaOCl/HEBP, quando usada como irrigante, conferiu boa molhabilidade desta superfície ao cimento AH Plus(AU).

Evaluate the wettability of AH Plus in contact with root dentin after different chelating protocols involving etidronic acid (HEBP) and EDTA. Material and Methods: Fifty six human polished root dentin slices were used. They were irrigated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or a mixture of 5.25%NaOCl/18%HEBP to simulate irrigation during chemomechanical preparation. The specimens irrigated with NaOCl were divided into 5 groups regarding chelating agents: G1-destiled water (DW); G2- 17%EDTA; G3-17%EDTA+2.5%NaOCl; G4-18%HEBP; and G5-18%HEBP+2.5%NaOCl. The specimens irrigated with the mixture NaOCl/HEBP were divided into 2 groups: G6-DW; G7-NaOCl/HEBP+2.5%NaOCl. All protocols received irrigation with DW between irrigants and as final rinse. Rame-Hart goniometer was used to measure the contact angle between the dentin surfaces and the sealer. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests were applied (p<0.05). Results: Groups in which the smear layer was removed showed a lower contact angle (p<0.05), except for G7. The G6 showed the lowest contact angle of AH Plus, but the NaOCl final irrigation (G7) increased the angle. G2 and G4 have similar behaviour and final irrigation with NaOCl (G3 and G5) did not change wettability when these chelators were used. Conclusions: The mixture NaOCl/HEBP showed good effect on the wettability of sealer on to the root canal dentine, when used as main irrigant (AU).

Effect of the application of different concentrations of Edta on the adhesion of fiber posts using self-adhesive cements

Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the application of different concentrations of EDTA on the adhesion of fiber posts to root dentin using self-adhesive resin cements. After endodontic treatment, 78 single roots were randomly divided into six groups (n = 13) according to the combination of the following factors: surface dentin treatment - control (distilled water), 17% EDTA and 24% EDTA; and self-adhesive resin cement - RelyX U200 (RX); and Multilink Speed (ML). After fiber post cementation, six slices were obtained for each root. Ten roots of each group were used for bond strength (BS) and three for microhardness (MH) evaluations. Data obtained from BS and MH tests for each resin cement were subjected to two-way ANOVA (surface treatment vs. root region) and to a post-hoc Tukey's test (α = 0.05). The lowest BS value was observed in the 24% EDTA group for RX cement, whereas the highest values for ML cement were observed for the control group in the middle and apical regions. In the MH test, the lowest value for RX was observed for 24% EDTA in the cervical region, whereas and the highest value for the ML cement was observed in the control group. Regarding both self-adhesive resin cements tested, the application of 24% EDTA was not able to improve the adhesion of fiber posts to root canal.

Interference of blood storage containing K2EDTA and K3EDTA anticoagulants in the automated analysis of the hemogram / Interferência da estocagem de sangue contendo os anticoagulantes K2EDTA e K3EDTA na análise automatizada do hemograma

ABSTRACT Introduction: The present work evaluated the possible alterations in different hemogram parameters as: total erythrocyte count, hematocrit, leukocyte, and platelet count, against different times of sample storage at refrigerated and room temperature towards the effects of anticoagulants that can affect the variation of laboratory results. Objective: Compare variations in automated hemogram analysis, with blood collected in tubes containing dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (K2EDTA) and tripotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (K3EDTA). Material and methods: A comparative study was carried out on differential leukocyte count and absolute leukocyte count, hemoglobin determination and red blood cell count and platelet count. Therefore, it researches the anticoagulant that brings less interferences in hemogram analysis according to storage, at temperatures from 2°C to 8°C and 25°C (room temperature), and the time window between collection and analysis (4, 6, and 8 hours). These determinations were carried out after homogenization from five to eight inversions using the automated device Sysmex XN-1000TM. Eighteen biological samples of venous blood were collected, used as control, from patients aged 18 and over that did not have any hematologic disease. Results: The results were evaluated through descriptive statistical analysis, and comparison of mean values through the analysis of variance (Anova). In accordance with the results presented, there were not changes in the parameters by refrigerating the sample in the period of 8 hours, except for the platelet count, presenting oscillations when stored under refrigeration from 2°C to 8°C. Conclusion: At room temperature, the parameters mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and hematocrit presented significant statistical differences.

RESUMEN Introducción: Este trabajo evaluó los posibles cambios en diferentes parámetros del hemograma, como conteo de eritrocitos totales, leucocitos, hematocrito y plaquetas, con respecto a diferentes tiempos de almacenamiento de la muestra en ambiente refrigerado y temperatura ambiente en cuanto a los efectos de los anticoagulantes, que pueden afectar los resultados del análisis de laboratorio. Objetivo: Comparar los cambios presentes en el análisis del hemograma automatizado, recogido en tubos que contienen ácido etilendiaminotetraacético dipotásico (K2EDTA) y tripotásico (K3EDTA). Material y método: Estudio comparativo realizado para conteo diferencial/absoluto de leucocitos, determinación de hemoglobina y conteo de eritrocitos y plaquetas, a fin de investigar el anticoagulante que trae menos interferencia en el análisis del hemograma según su almacenamiento - temperatura de 2°C a 8°C y 25°C (temperatura ambiente) y ventana de tiempo entre recuento y análisis de 4, 6, y 8 horas. Se realizaron las determinaciones luego de homogeneizar las muestras con cinco a ocho inversiones en el analizador automatizado Sysmex XN-1000TM. Dieciocho muestras de sangre venosa de pacientes mayores de 18 años, sin enfermedades hematológicas, fueron recogidas y usadas como control. Resultados: Se evaluaron los resultados mediante un análisis descriptivo, con comparación de medias por análisis de la varianza (Anova). De acuerdo con los resultados, no hubo cambios en los parámetros enfriándose la muestra en el período de 8 horas, a excepción del recuento de plaquetas, que presentó oscilaciones bajo refrigeración (2°C-8°C). Conclusión: A temperatura ambiente, los parámetros volumen corpuscular medio (VCM), concentración de hemoglobina corpuscular media (CHCM) y hematocrito presentan diferencia estadísticamente significativa.

RESUMO Introdução: O presente trabalho avaliou as possíveis alterações em diferentes parâmetros do hemograma, como contagem de eritrócitos totais, leucócitos, hematócrito e plaquetas, em relação a diferentes tempos de armazenamento da amostra em ambiente refrigerado e em temperatura ambiente quanto aos efeitos dos anticoagulantes, que podem afetar a variabilidade de seus resultados laboratoriais. Objetivo: Comparar as variações presentes na análise do hemograma automatizado, colhido nos tubos contendo ácido etilenodiamino tetra-acético dipotássico (K2EDTA) e tripotássico (K3EDTA). Material e métodos: Estudo comparativo realizado para contagem diferencial/absoluta dos leucócitos, determinação de hemoglobina e contagem de hemácias e plaquetas, com o intuito de investigar o anticoagulante que traz menos interferentes na análise do hemograma de acordo com sua estocagem - temperatura de 2°C a 8°C e 25°C (temperatura ambiente) e janela de tempo entre a coleta e a análise de 4, 6 e 8 horas. Essas determinações foram realizadas após homogeneização de cinco a oito inversões pelo aparelho automatizado Sysmex XN-1000TM. Dezoito amostras biológicas de sangue venoso de pacientes com idade superior a 18 anos, sem doenças hematológicas, foram coletadas e utilizadas como controle. Resultados: Os resultados foram avaliados por meio de uma análise estatística descritiva, com comparação de médias através da análise de variância (Anova). De acordo com os resultados apresentados, não ocorreram alterações nos parâmetros ao refrigerar a amostra no período de 8 horas, com exceção da contagem de plaquetas, que apresentou oscilações quando armazenadas sob refrigeração de 2°C a 8°C. Conclusão: Na temperatura ambiente, os parâmetros volume corpuscular médio (VCM), concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM) e hematócrito apresentaram diferença estatística significante.

Marginal filling and adhesive resistance of bulk fill resin applying 18% edta gel compared with 37% phosphoric acid gel in vitro dental conditioning / Sellado marginal y resistencia adhesiva de resina bulk fill aplicando gel de edta al 18% comparado con el gel de ácido fosfórico al 37% en el acondicionamiento dental in vitro

Objective. To evaluate the degree of marginal sealing and adhesive strength in Bulk-Fill resin by applying 18% EDTA gel compared to 37% phosphoric acid gel in dental conditioning. Materials and methods. The study was transversal, experimental comparative, and applied. The sample group consisted of 60 teeth with Class I cavities, which were later subjected to conditioning. This was carried out separately with phosphoric acid gel for 15 seconds, and 18% EDTA gel within two different time frames: 60 and 90 seconds. All samples were incubated at 37ºC for a period of 24 hours and thermocycled between 5 to 55ºC for 500 cycles. To assess microfiltration, they were immersed in methylene blue at 37ºC for 4 hours, and were later sectioned and observed through a stereomicroscope. In order to perform the traction, the conventional testing machine was used at a speed of 0.75mm/min until the screw with the resin detached. Results: Samples conditioned with 37% phosphoric acid showed a greater degree 1 microfiltration and a mean adhesive resistance of 7.97 MPa. The same number of microfiltration grades 1 and 2 was found when using EDTA gel for 60 seconds, with a mean tensile strength of 8.8 MPa. On the other hand, applying EDTA gel for 90 seconds showed mostly grade 1 microfiltrations, and to a lesser extent, grade 0 and 2, with a mean resistance of 9.2 MPa. Conclusion: There are no statistically significant differences regarding adhesive strength between the two gels; however, better marginal filling was observed when samples were conditioned with 18% EDTA gel for 90 seconds.

Objetivo. Evaluar el grado de sellado marginal y resistencia adhesiva en resina Bulk ­ Fill aplicando gel de EDTA al 18% en comparación al gel de ácido fosfórico al 37% en el acondicionamiento dental. Materiales y métodos. El tipo de estudio fue transversal, comparativo, de nivel aplicativo y diseño experimental. La muestra estuvo conformada por 60 dientes con cavidades clase I; se realizó el acondicionamiento con gel de ácido fosfórico, gel del EDTA al 18% en 60 segundos y 90 segundos. El total de las muestras fueron incubados a 37°C por 24 horas, se termocicló con 500 ciclos entre 5 a 55ºC. Para evaluar microfiltración, fueron sumergidos en azul de metileno a 37ºC por 4 horas, fueron seccionadas y observados al estereomicroscopio, para realizar la tracción se empleó la máquina de ensayos universales a una velocidad de 0.75mm/min hasta que se desprendiera el tornillo con la resina. Resultados. Las muestras acondicionadas con ácido fosfórico al 37% presenta mayor microfiltración grado 1 y el promedio de su resistencia adhesiva es de 7.97Mpa, la microfiltración obtenida con EDTA en 60 segundos presenta equidad entre grado 1 y 2; promedio de resistencia a la tracción de 8.8 Mpa y el EDTA 90 segundos presentó mayor microfiltración grado 1 y el resto 0 y 2; el promedio de resistencia fue 9.2 Mpa. Conclusión. No existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas al comparar los acondicionantes para la prueba de resistencia adhesiva, sin embargo se observó mejor sellado marginal cuando se acondicionó con gel de EDTA al 18 % por 90 segundos.

Irrigación del conducto radicular y tratamiento de superficie de pernos de fibra, previo a la cementación: revisión de tema / Root canal irrigation and fiber post treatments, before cementation: subject review

Introducción: el tratamiento endodóntico es muy solicitado para preservar las piezas dentales, así como la utilización de pernos de fibra cuando el remanente coronario no es el adecuado para recibir una prótesis coronaria, permitiendo de esta manera reconstruir el muñón dental para la posterior colocación de la restauración definitiva. Objetivo: identificar tanto el tratamiento de superficie de pernos de fibra como el irrigante radicular idóneos para conseguir una cementación adecuada; así como conocer cuál es el tratamiento de superficie que produce menos desintegración de las fibras del perno de fibra. Materiales y métodos: se incluyeron 47 artículos publicados en inglés, durante los últimos 20 años, teniendo en cuenta que los mismos se obtuvieron hasta octubre del 2018. Conclusiones: previa la cementación de pernos sean estos de fibra o de cuarzo es indispensable realizar tratamiento de superficie para así mejorar la adhesión, estos pueden ser químicos o físicos, los que ofrecen mejor resultado sin alterar de manera significativa la estructura del mismo es el enarenado con partículas de diamante sintéticas de 1-3 µm seguido de silanización y dentro de los químicos H2O2 al 10% por 1 min seguido de silano. Para obtener mejores resultados se debe accionar el silano a una temperatura de 80°C. En cuanto a protocolos de irrigación depende del sistema de cementación que se vaya a emplear EDTA 18% + Hipoclorito de sodio al 5,25% o EDTA 18% + clorhexidina al 2% cuando se va emplear un cemento autoadhesivo y NaOCl al 11% cuando se utilice el acondicionamiento ácido de lavado y secado.

Introduction: nowadays the aim is to keep the dental organ in function as long as possible, in many cases the endodontic treatment is used to preserve the dental pieces; and the use of fiber post when the coronary remnant is not adequate to receive a crown prosthesis, allowing us in these cases rebuilt the thoot for the subsequent placement of the final restoration. Objective: to identify wich is the better surface treatment of fiber post and the root irrigator for adequate cementation; as well as know, which is the surface treatment that produces less fibers' disintegration of the fiber post. Materials and methods: it were included 47 articles published in English, during the last 20 years, considering that they were obtained until October 2018. Conclusions: Before posts cementation are these fiber or quartz it is indispensable to carry out the surface pretreatment to increase adhesion, the same ones that can be chemical or physical within these that offer the best result it is the sanded with particles of diamond synthetic of 1-3 µm followed by silanization and with 10% H2O2 for 1min followed by silane. For better results silane must be dryed at a temperature of 80 °C. And for irrigation protocols depends of the cementing system to be used EDTA 18% + sodium hypochlorite 5.25% or EDTA 18% + 2% chlorhexidine when a self-adhesive cement is to be used and 11% NaOCl when washing and drying acid conditioning is used.

Irrigation trends among members of the Chilean Endodontic Society

Introduction: the aim of this study is to determine the current trends of irrigation during root canal therapy by specialists who are members of the Chilean Endodontic Society. materials and method: a survey (survey monkey -SurveyMonkey.com) was e-mailed to the 485 members of the Chilean Endodontic Society. the instrument was translated and adapted from the survey "irrigation trends among American Association of Endodontists members: a web-based survey" applied in the USA in 2012. participants answered a set of 16 questions that included irrigant selection, irrigant concentration, the adopted protocol, techniques or devices for irrigant activation. results: 99 percent of respondents use sodium hypochlorite as the main irrigant. data indicate that 74 percent of respondents use hypochlorite at a concentration of 5 percent. most respondents (94 percent) also include EDTA in their usual practice. In addition, 90 percent of respondents reported that they activate the irrigating agent, and 94 percent confirmed that they perform a final irrigation protocol. conclusion: the majority of respondents use sodium hypochlorite as the main irrigant at a concentration of 5 percent, use ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a smear removal agent, activate the irrigant, and perform a final irrigation protocol.

Comparative study of three different decalcifying solutions in bone metastasis specimens with breast cancer / 中华病理学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the optimal strategy for immunohistochemical (IHC) staining in bone metastasis specimens from breast cancer.@*Methods@#Twenty-eight bone metastases specimens from breast cancers were divided into three groups and subjected to different decalcifying agents (group A-10% nitrate, group B-EDTA decalcification, and group C-imported decalcifying solution RapidCal). The effects of those on HE and IHC staining for Ki-67, ER, PR, GATA3, RANK, RANKL, HER2 and HER2 FISH results were assessed.@*Results@#There were no significant differences among three groups in HE morphology and IHC staining. Antigen content in the RapidCal group were all intact; the EDTA group showed a similar staining rate, which was better than the nitrate group (P<0.05). Nitrate group showed marked reduction in nuclear Ki-67 staining, but the loss of cytoplasmic antigens (RANK, RANKL) was less than cell membrane antigen (HER2). For FISH, the RapidCal group and EDTA group showed same results, concordant with IHC staining results. The expression of HER2 protein in the nitric acid group was significantly decreased and chromosome 17 labelling was lost (P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#RapidCal treated bone metastases specimens from breast cancer show excellent sample quality in morphological, IHC and FISH results compared with traditional decalcifying agents. Owing to the longer time of EDTA decalcification, the new decalcifying agent RapidCal plays an important role in quality control and clinical application.

Synergistic effects of lysozyme with EDTA-2Na on antibacterial activity / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To evaluate the synergistic antibacterial effects of lysozyme with ethylenediami-netetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-2Na) on Enterococcus faecalis (E.faecalis) and Porphyromonas endodontalis ( P.endodontalis) .Methods:E.faecalis and P.endodontalis were cultured and adjusted to 108 CFU/mL.Then 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 150 and 300 g/L of lysozyme were prepared with deionized water;and the lysozyme solutions were mixed with 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 g/L of EDTA-2Na, re-spectively.The bacteria and lysosome with/without EDTA-2Na interacted for 15 min, then water-soluble tetrazolium (WST) working solution was added and the activity of the bacteria was calculated by mea-suring optical densities at 450 nm and 630 nm with microplate spectrophotometer .Results:Regarding the pure lysozyme from 0.5 g/L to 150 g/L, more E.faecalis and P.endodontalis were inhibited when the concentration of lysozyme was higher , especially for E.faecalis.There was synergistic effect of lysozyme with EDTA-2Na on antibacterial activity , which was related to the concentration of lysozyme .On E.fae-calis, the antibacterial activity of lysozyme with EDTA-2Na was 1.2-3.7 folds than the pure lysozyme when the concentration of lysozyme was 0.5-50 g/L (P0.05). Conclusion: For E.faecalis and P.endodontalis, a low concentration of lysozyme with EDTA-2Na showed significant synergistic antibacterial activity , while a high concentration of lysozyme with EDTA-2 Na did not .

Efetividade do EDTA 17% na remo??o da smear layer e da medica??o intracanal de hidr?xido de c?lcio das paredes dos canais radiculares: parte II / Effect of 17% EDTA on removal of canal wall smear layer and calciumhydroxide dressing: part II

Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate, by scanning electron microscopy, the effectiveness of 17% EDTA on removal of canal wall smear layer and calcium hydroxide dressing in different thirds of root canal. Methods: Ttwenty-four premolars were instrumented in the cervical and middle thirds using Gates-Glidden drills. At the working length, the canal was widened up to # 35 file, followed by scaling up to file # 50. After instrumentation, the teeth were divided into four groups according to the treatment received: GI - irrigation performed with 5 ml of NaOCl 2.5 % ; GII - irrigation with 5 ml of 17% EDTA for 2 and a half minutes , submitted to agitation with file # 15, followed by irrigation with 5 ml of 2.5% NaOCl ; GIII - irrigation with 5 ml of NaOCl 2.5% , drying , application of temporary dressing of Ca (OH )2 with propylene glycol and sealing. After 5 days , removing the sealing irrigation with 5 ml of 17% EDTA for 2 and a half minutes , submitted to agitation with file # 15, followed by a final flush with 5 ml of 2.5% NaOCl ; GIV - irrigation with 5 ml of 17% EDTA for 2 and a half minutes , submitted to agitation with file # 15 , followed by irrigation with 5 ml of 2.5% NaOCl , drying and after use of the medication in Ca (OH )2 with the sealing and propylene glycol which was removed after 5 days performing the irrigation with 5 ml of 17% EDTA for 2 and a half minutes , submitted to agitation with file # 15, followed by using 5 ml 2.5% NaOCl . Next, the teeth were prepared and taken to the scanning electron microscope. Results: The images revealed: Group I - a marked presence of smear layer in all three thirds, Group II - removal of almost all of the smear layer in the cervical third and removal of large quantity in the middle third, whereas in the apical third a large quantity of smear layer still remained however, in comparison with the other groups, this was shown to be cleaner; Group III - in the three thirds, the presence of smear layer was observed, which was shown to be much less compacted than that observed in Group 1; Group IV- in all the thirds there was reduction of smear layer and Ca(OH)2-based medication, and presence of several unobstructed dentinal tubules could be observed, demonstrating the second best result observed. Conclusion: It could be concluded that the use of 17% EDTA favored removal of the smear layer and intracanal medication residues in all thirds of the root canal.

Objetivo: Avaliar atrav?s de Microscopia Eletr?nica de Varredura, a efic?cia do EDTA a 17% na remo??o da smear layer e da medica??o de hidr?xido de c?lcio nos diferentes ter?os do canal radicular. M?todos: Vinte e quatro pr?-molares foram instrumentados nos ter?os cervical e m?dio utilizando-se brocas Gates-Glidden. No comprimento de trabalhorealizou-se o alargamento at? a lima #35 seguido do escalonamento at? a lima #50. Ap?s, os dentes foram divididos em quatro grupos de acordo como tratamento recebido: GI - irriga??o realizada com 5 ml de hipoclorito de s?dio a 2,5%; GII - irriga??o com 5 ml de EDTA 17%, durante 2 minutose meio, submetidos a agita??o com a lima #15, seguidos de uma irriga??o com 5 ml de NaOCl a 2,5%; GIII - irriga??o com 5 ml de hipoclorito des?dio a 2,5%, secagem, aplica??o de medica??o intracanal de Ca(OH)2 associado ao propilenoglicol e selamento, ap?s 5 dias, remo??o do selamento, irriga??o com 5 ml de EDTA 17%, durante 2 minutos e meio, submetidos a agita??o com a lima #15, seguida de irriga??o final com 5 ml de NaOCl a 2,5%; GIV - irriga??o com 5 ml de EDTA 17%, durante 2 minutos e meio, submetidos a agita??o com a lima #15, seguidos de uma irriga??o com 5 ml de NaOCl a 2,5%, secagem e ap?s o uso da medica??o intracanal de Ca(OH)2 associado ao propilenoglicol e selamento que foi removido ap?s 5 dias realizando-se a irriga??o com 5 ml de EDTA 17%, durante 2 minutos e meio, submetidos a agita??o com a lima #15, seguida da utiliza??o de 5 ml de NaOCl a 2,5%. A seguir, os dentes foram preparados e levados ao microsc?pio eletr?nico de varredura. Resultados: As imagens revelaram: grupo I - presen?a marcante de smear layer nos tr?s ter?os; grupo II - nota-se a menor quantidade de smear layer no ter?ocervical e m?dio enquanto no apical h? presen?a mais marcante; grupo III- no ter?o cervical e apical h? presen?a de smear layer compactada nas paredes do canal e o aspecto mais disperso da medica??o enquanto no ter?o m?dio nota-se presen?a da medica??o no interior dos canal?culos; grupo IV- em todos os ter?os houve redu??o da smear layer e da medica??o e a presen?a de v?rios canal?culos dentin?rios desobstru?dos.Conclus?o: Pode-se concluir que o uso do EDTA a 17% favoreceu a remo??o da lama dentin?ria e dos res?duos da medica??o intracanal em todos os ter?os do canal radicular.

Efeito de diferentes soluções utilizadas como irrigante final na superfície dentinária: análise de rugosidade / Effect of different solutions used as final irrigant on dentin surface: roughness analysis

Introdução: O uso de irrigantes pode gerar alterações microestruturais na superfície dentinária, entre as quais alterações na rugosidade. Essas alterações podem influenciar o processo de união dos materiais obturadores à dentina. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das soluções de EDTA, hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl) e clorexidina, como irrigante final, na rugosidade da superfície dentinária. Material e Método: Foram utilizadas raízes distais de seis terceiros molares inferiores, que foram planificadas com o auxílio de disco de lixa e cortadas em segmentos, totalizando 18 amostras. A análise inicial foi realizada utilizando-se o perfilômetro Dektak. Foram realizadas cinco varreduras por amostra. Em seguida, as amostras foram irrigadas com NaOCl para simular o preparo químico-mecânico e lavadas com água destilada. Foram então divididas em seis grupos de acordo com o protocolo de irrigação final: Água destilada; NaOCl 5,25%; clorexidina 2%; EDTA17%; EDTA 17% + NaOCl 5,25%, e EDTA 17% + clorexidina 2%. Novamente, em cada amostra, foram realizadas cinco varreduras, totalizando 15 varreduras por grupo. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney (p<0,05). Resultado: Foi encontrada alteração significativa da rugosidade somente no grupo em que houve a combinação do agente quelante com o NaOCl. Conclusão: Os protocolos de irrigação final apresentam diferentes efeitos na rugosidade da superfície dentinária. .

Introduction : The use of irrigators can create microstructural changes in the dentin surface, including changes in roughness. These changes may influence the bonding process of filling materials to dentin. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of EDTA, sodium hypochlorite or chlorhexidine, as final irrigant, in the roughness of the dentin surface. Material and Method: Distal root of 6 mandibular molars were used. The roots were flatted with the aid of sandpaper and segmented, totaling 18 samples. The initial analysis was performed by using Dektak profilometer. Five areas were scanned per sample. Then, the samples were irrigated with NaOCl to simulate the chemomechanical preparation and washed with distilled water. The segments were divided into six groups according to the final flush protocol: Distilled water, 5.25% NaOCl, 2% chlorhexidine, 17% EDTA, 17% EDTA+ 5.25% NaOCl, 17% EDTA+ 2% chlorhexidine. Once again, in each sample, five areas were scanned, totaling 15 scans per group. Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal - Wallis and Mann -Whitney tests (p<0.05). Result: Significant changes in roughness were found only in the association of the chelating agent with NaOCl. Conclusion: The final irrigation protocols have different effects on surface roughness of dentin. .

NaF· EDTA-K2 negatively bias blood lipids and lipoproteins measurement in pregnant women / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective To explore the impact of NaF · EDTA-K2 on blood lipids measurement in pregnant women , determine whetherthe empty-stomach plasma for OGTT could be used as substitute for serumin blood lipids analyses.Methods Fastingplasma with NaF · EDTA-K2 and serumfrom 100 pregnant women werecollected,andconcentration of CHO,TG, HDL,LDL,apoA1 and apoB were tested with Hitachi 7 600 automatic biochemical analyzer.Data were analyzed by SPSS 19.0 software.Results The concentrations oflipids and lipoproteins with NaF · EDTA-K2 were slightly lower than those of serum.There were statistical significances between the means of CHO , HDL, LDL, apoA1 and apoBof two groups ( P<0.05) except TG.Correlation coefficients of the six analyteswere CHO 0.968, TG 0.995, HDL 0.979, LDL 0.991, apoA1 0.692, apoB 0.846respectively.Standard Error of Estimate for plasma were: CHO 0.281, TG 0.094, HDL 0.077, LDL 0.112, apoA1 0.230, apoB 0.111 respectively.The modified coefficients were 1.08 for CHO, HDL and LDL, 1.14 for apoA1 and 1.07 for apoB.Conclusion NaF· EDTA-K2 negatively biased the blood lipidsmeasurement of CHO , HDL, LDL, apoA1 and apoB in pregnant women,yet lipids concentrations in plasma with NaF · EDTA-K2 were closely related to those in serum , which may be used to predict the bloodlipidslevel of pregnant women afterajusted.

Effectiveness of EDTA 17% in the removal of smear layer and calcium hydroxide dressing from the root canal walls / Efetividade do EDTA 17 porcentos na remoção da smear layer e da medicação intracanal de hidróxido de cálcio das paredes dos canais radiculares

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of EDTA 17% on the removal of the smear layer and the calcium hydroxide dressing in different thirds of the root canal. Methods: Forty canines were instrumented in the cervical and middle thirds using Gates-Glidden drills. In the working length, enlargements were carried out with files up to #35 followed by scaling up to #50. After instrumentation, the teeth were divided into four groups according to the type of final irrigation: Group I - irrigation with 5 ml NaOCl 2.5%, Group II - irrigation with 5 ml EDTA 17% followed by irrigation with 5 ml NaOCl 2.5%; Group III - irrigation with 5 ml NaOCl 2.5%; Group IV - irrigation with 5ml EDTA 17% followed by one with NaOCl 2.5%. The teethwere filled and radiographed. The teeth were then submitted to the clearing technique and photographed by means of a camera coupled toa stereomicroscope. Results: The images showed: Group I - the presence of smear layer in the three thirds and fewer accessory canals filled; group II - the smaller amount of smear layer on the cervical, middle and apical third and filling of the accessory canals; group III - there are residues from the dressing in the cervical, middle and apical third, and group IV - in all of the thirds there was a reduction in the presence of dressing remnants and the largest number of filled accessory canals.Conclusion: It can be concluded that the use of EDTA 17% favored the removal of the smear layer and the remnants of the intracanal dressing in all thirds of the root canal.

Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia do EDTA a 17% na remoção da smear layer e da medicação de hidróxido de cálcio nos diferentes terços do canal radicular. Métodos: Quarenta caninos inferiores foram instrumentados nos terços cervical e médio utilizando-se brocas Gates-Glidden. No comprimento de trabalho realizou-se o alargamento até a lima #35 seguido do escalonamento até a lima #50. Após os dentes foram divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com a irrigação final: grupo I - irrigação com 5ml de NaOCl 2,5%; grupo II - irrigação com 5 ml de EDTA 17% seguidos de5ml de NaOCl 2,5%; grupo III - irrigação com 5ml de NaOCl 2,5%; grupo IV - irrigação com 5ml de EDTA 17% seguidos de NaOCl 2,5%. Os dentes foram obturados e radiografados. Posteriormente os dentes foram diafanizados e fotografados por meio de máquina fotográficaacoplada em lupa estereoscópica. Resultados: As imagens revelaram: grupo I - presença de smear layer nos três terços e o menor número de canais acessórios preenchidos; grupo II - nota-se a menor quantidade de smear layer no terço cervical, médio e apical e a obturação de canais acessórios; grupo III - há presença de resíduos da medicação no terço cervical, médio e apical; grupo IV - em todos os terços houve redução da presença de resíduos da medicação e o maior número de canais acessórios preenchidos. Conclusão: Pode-se concluir que o uso do EDTA a 17% favoreceu a remoção dos resíduos da medicação intracanal do canal radicular.

Effects of Smear Layer Removal on the Fracture Resistance of Roots Obturated with AH-Plus in Vitro / 天津医药

Objective To evaluate the effects of root canal cleanliness on the fracture resistance of roots filled with AH-Plus. Methods Eighty single canal premolars were instrumented using step-back technique, then were randomly di-vided into four groups (n=20 for each group). Group A was washed with distilled water for 10 min, group B1 was washed with 5%EDTA for 1 min, group B2 was washed with 5%EDTA for 5 min and group B3 was washed with 5%EDTA for 10 min. Ten samples of each group were observed by scanning electron microscope at the coronal, middle and apical thirds to exam-ine smear layer removal. The remaining samples of each group were fixed into a electronic universal testing machine and ver-tically loaded until fracture. Results The difference of coronal and middle thirds was significant between group B3 and group B2 (P<0.05). At the middle third, there was significantly improved efficiency in smear layer removal in group B2 than that of group B1(P<0.05). The mean fracture resistance was significantly higher in group B3 (391.91±12.82)N than that of group B2 (335.54±16.14)N, group B1(296.47±17.82) N and group A (264.77±16.64)N (P<0.05). Group B2 showed a signifi-cantly better fracture resistance than that of group B1 and group A (P<0.05). Conclusion The complete removal of root ca-nal smear layer can significantly improve the fracture resistances of roots filled with AH-Plus.

Adhesion of four endodontic sealers to root dentin conditioned with different chemical solutions / Adesão de quatro cimentos endodônticos em dentina condicionada com diferentes soluções químicas

Objective - To evaluate in vitro adhesion of endodontic sealers Rickert, AH Plus, Sealapex and Epiphany to dentin previously conditioned with one of two different chemical solutions. Methods - A total of 80 specimens were made up with bovine incisive teeth that were prepared by cutting predetermined sections and wearing them, producing standard experimental samples. Forty samples were treated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and divided into four groups with 10 specimens each, to be coated with the different sealers. Dentin of other forty samples was treated with 17% EDTA, and these samples were also divided into four groups. Prepared specimens were hydrated uniformly, dried, bonded and kept at 37°C and 100% relative humidity. After 72 hours, specimens were analyzed using an Instron universal testing machine in traction mode. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test (?=0.05). Results - EDTA treatment led to the greatest adhesiveness in all experimentalgroups. Conclusion - It was concluded that conditioning of the surface with chelating agents increase adhesiveness of the tested sealers and similar behavior was observed in the adhesion of epoxy-based and methacrylate-based sealers.

Objetivo - Avaliar in vitro a adesão dos cimentos endodônticos Rickert, AH Plus, Sealapex e Epiphany à dentina previamente tratada por duas soluções irrigadoras. Métodos - Foram empregados 80 corpos de prova obtidos a partir de dentes incisivos bovinos que foram preparados por cortes e desgastes pré-estabelecidos, resultando em modelos experimentais padronizados. Quarenta dessas amostras foram tratadas com hipoclorito de sódio 2,5% e subdivididas em quatro grupos de 10 espécimes para cada cimento. As demais 40 amostras tiveram a dentina tratada com EDTA a 17% e foram divididos igualmente em 4 grupos. Os espécimes preparados foram uniformemente hidratados, secos, receberam os cimentos, e foram mantidos sob umidade relativa a 37ºC. Após 72 horas os espécimes foram submetidos a testes de tração com auxilio da máquina de ensaio universal Instron, sendo os dados analisados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis (?=0.05). Resultados - O tratamento com EDTA proporcionou maiores índices de adesão para todos os grupos experimentais (p<0.05). Conclusão - Pode-se concluir que o tratamento da superfície com agente quelante, aumenta a capacidade de adesão dos cimentos testados. Não houve diferença na adesão dos cimentos a base de resina epóxica e a base de metacrilatos.

Verificação de alterações estruturais do vidro quando em contato com o EDTA 17% / Verification of structural changes of glass when submitted to 17% EDTA

Introdução e objetivo: Este estudo in vitro verificou por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) alterações estruturais no vidro quando em contato com o ácido etilenodiaminotetracético (EDTA). Material e métodos: A metade inferior de quatro lamínulas de vidro permaneceu submersa em EDTA 17%, pH 7,3, por diferentes tempos (7 dias, 24 horas, 6 horas e 30 minutos). Como controle, examinou-se uma amostra que ficou parcialmente imersa em água destilada por 24 horas. As amostras foram analisadas em MEV e fotografadas com magnitudes de 19, 50, 100, 200, 400, 1.000, 2.000 e 3.000 vezes. Resultados: Constatou-se que nas quatro lamínulas que estiveram em contato com o EDTA houve formação de bolhas e rachaduras no vidro, independentemente do tempo testado. A amostra controle apresentou poucos defeitos no vidro e diferenciou-se das que ficaram em contato com a substância. Conclusão: O EDTA provocou alterações na estrutura do vidro.

Introduction and objective: This in vitro study verified, through SEM, the structural changes on glass surface when submitted to EDTA. Material and methods: Samples of 4 glass coverslip remained partially (lower half of the sample) immersed in 17% EDTA pH 7.3 for different periods (7 days, 24 hours, 6 hours and 30 minutes). The samples were analyzed by SEM and photographed with x19, 50, 100, 200, 400, 1000, 2000, and 3000 magnification. Results: It was found that the four glass samples submitted to EDTA showed blisters and cracks regardless of time. The control sample showed few defects differing from those in contact with EDTA. Conclusion: EDTA led to changes in the glass structure.

Evaluation of four carbapenems disk tests for screening metallo-beta-lactamases / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of four carbapenems combined with EDTA for metallobeta-lactamases (MBLs) detection.Methods Thirty MBLs-producing gram-negative bacteria ( 16 strains of Enterobacteriaceae and 14 strains of Non-fermentative),9 KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae and 10 OXA-producing Acinetobacter baumannii strains were collected from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University.A double disk screening test with EDTA was performed for MBLs detection,comparing the changes of inhibition zone diameter with or without EDTA.Results When the inhibition zone diameter difference of ≥5 nn as standard,the sensitivity of panipenem (PAN) group was relatively high (66.7％,20/30),followed by meropenem group (MEM) (63.3％,19/30) and imipenem (IPM) group (60.0％,18/30),etrapenem (ETP) group was the wont (43.3％,13/30).When the inhibition zone diameter difference of ≥4 mm as standard,the sensitivity of meropenem and panipenem group was 80.0％ (24/30)respectively.When the inhibition zone diameter difference of ≥ 3 mm as standard,the sensitivity of imipenem and meropenem group was 90.0％ (27/30) respectively,while 83.3％ ( 25/30 ) for etrapenem and panipenem group.Specificity of four groups under these three interpretation was 100％ respectively.Results of screening test for 16 MBLs positive strains showed that the sensitivity of panipenem group was the highest (75.0％,12/16).While using ≥ 5 mm as the MBLs positive interpretation,the sensitivity of panipenem group was the highest (75.0％,12/16).While using ≥4 mm as the MBLs positive interpretation,the sensitivity of panipenem group (93.8％,15/16) was much higher than that of imipenem (75.0％,12/16),meropenem (68.8％,11/16) and ertapenem (68.8％,11/16).Conclusions Detection of MBLs with EDTA is easy to operate,and it shows a low false positive rate against gram-negative bacteria.Ertapenem is not recommended to screen for MBLs,the best method for screening for MBL production in gram-negative bacteria is the MEM-EDTA or PAN-EDTA with a breakpoint of ≥4 mm.As for Enterobacteriaceae,PAN-EDTA with a breakpoint of ≥4 mm is better than the other three carbapenems in screening for MBL production,but panipenem is not recommended for MBLs screening tests for nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria.

Intestinal permeability assessed by 51Cr-EDTA in rats with CCl4 - induced cirrhosis / Permeabilidade intestinal ao 51-Cr-EDTA em ratos com cirrose induzida por CCl4

CONTEXT: The straight relationship between cirrhosis and impaired intestinal barrier has not been elucidated yet. OBJECTIVES: To verify 51Cr-EDTA-intestinal permeability in rats with CCl4-induced cirrhosis and controls. METHOD: Fifty male Wistar rats weighing 150-180 g were separated in three groups: 25 animals received CCl4 0.25 mL/kg with olive oil by gavage with 12 g/rat/day food restriction for 10 weeks (CCl4-induced cirrhosis); 12 received the same food restriction for 10 weeks (CCl4-non exposed). Other 13 rats received indomethacin 15 mg/kg by gavage as positive control of intestinal inflammation. RESULTS: The median (25-75 interquartile range) 51Cr-EDTA-IP values of cirrhotic and CCl4-non exposed rats were 0.90 percent (0.63-1.79) and 0.90 percent (0.60-1.52) respectively, without significant difference (P = 0.65). Animals from indomethacin group showed 51Cr-EDTA-IP, median 7.3 percent (5.1-14.7), significantly higher than cirrhotic and CCl4-non exposed rats (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: This study showed the lack of difference between 51Cr-EDTA-intestinal permeability in rats with and without cirrhosis. Further studies are necessary to better clarify the relationship between intestinal permeability and cirrhosis.

CONTEXTO: A relação direta entre cirrose e alterações na barreira intestinal ainda não foi devidamente esclarecida. OBJETIVO: Verificar a permeabilidade intestinal ao 51Cr-EDTA em ratos com cirrose induzida por tetracloreto de carbono (CCl4) e controles. MÉTODO: Cinquenta ratos Wistar machos pesando 150-180 g foram separados em três grupos: 25 animais receberam CCl4 0,25 mL/kg diluído em óleo de oliva por gavagem com restrição dietética de 12 g/rato/dia por 10 semanas (grupo cirrose induzida por CCl4); 12 receberam a mesma restrição dietética por 10 semanas (grupo não exposto ao CCl4). Outros 13 ratos receberam indometacina 15 mg/kg por gavagem como controle positivo de inflamação intestinal. RESULTADOS: A mediana (intervalo interquartil 25-75) dos valores de permeabilidade intestinal ao 51Cr-EDTA dos grupos cirrose induzida por CCl4 e não exposto ao CCl4 foram 0,90 por cento (0,63-1,79) e 0,90 por cento (0,60-1,52), respectivamente, sem significância estatística (P = 0,65). Os animais do grupo indometacina apresentaram uma mediana de permeabilidade intestinal ao 51Cr-EDTA de 7,3 por cento (5,1-14,7), sendo significativamente maior do que os grupos cirrose induzida por CCl4 e não exposto ao CCl4 (P<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo não demonstrou diferenças entre a permeabilidade intestinal ao 51Cr-EDTA em ratos com e sem cirrose. Mais estudos são necessários para melhor esclarecer a relação entre a permeabilidade intestinal e cirrose.